Sharma, S. K.

• Rapid Regeneration of Bambusa nutans Munro. from Shoot and Leaf Explants

Abstract Views :247  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sanjay Kalia , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 135, No 7 (2009), Pagination: 994-1002

Abstract

Callus induction was achieved on pre-injured explants. Performance of explants derived from in-vitro multiplying cultures was better than those from mature plants. 2, 4-D proved to be superior in inducing callogenic response than NAA or IBA. Enhancement of callogenic efficiency of in-vitro derived explants was observed when BAP (2.5μM) was supplemented to auxin-enriched medium. Induced callus was multiplied on multiplication medium (5μM 2,4-D+ 1.25μM BAP) for varying periods but optimal multiplication rate for shoot callus (1.69) and leaf callus (1.39) was obtained after subculture cycle of three weeks. Shoot and bud regeneration efficiency of calli induced from leaves and shoot varied as well as their phytohormonal requirements. Buds and shoots were regenerated at higher frequency on shoot calli cultured on multiplication medium supplemented with (5μM BAP+ 1.25μM NAA) whereas for leaf calli it was 7.5μM BAP + 1.25μM NAA. Spontaneous ischolar_main regeneration occurred at frequency of 61% on shoots regenerated on multiplication medium.

Keywords

Bambusa nutans, Regeneration, Morphogenic Responses, Organogenic Callus,
Adventitious Buds

Full Text

     

• Bamboo Flowering - Preliminary Observations on Physico-mechanical Properties of Culms of Bambusa bambos during Different Phases of Life Cycle (Part II)

Abstract Views :260  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. Vijendra Rao , P. Kumar , R. Sudheendra , S. R. Shukla , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 135, No 6 (2009), Pagination: 745-750

Abstract

Culms representing before, during and after flowering phases were subjected to testing for certain strength properties in round and split forms. Round bamboo showed higher values in compression parallel to grain in culms before flowering phase, while static bending values were higher in culms during flowering phase. In split bamboo, strength properties (maximum crushing strength and static bending) were more in culms of after flowering (air-dry) phase than before and during flowering phase (green).

Keywords

Bambusa bambos, Culms, Strength Properties, Gregarious Flowering

Full Text

     

• Evaluation of Wood Quality Parameters of Plantation Grown Eucalyptus Citriodora Hook (Lemon Scented Gum)

Abstract Views :255  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

P. Kumar , S. R. Shukla , R. Sudheendra , M. Sujatha , S. Shashikala , S. K. Sharma , A. K. Sethy , R. Vijendra Rao

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 134, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 255-262

Abstract

Based on tests conducted on small clear specimens of timber, the physical and mechanical properties of E. citriodora are reported and discussed. The safe working stresses and suitable indices have also been evaluated and compared with those of Tectona grandis. Based on suitability coefficients, E. citriodora has been recommended for utilization for several end uses.

Keywords

Eucalyptus citriodora, Physical and Mechanical Properties

Full Text

     

• Initial Performance of Tissue Culture Raised Bamboos in Rajasthan and Gujarat

Abstract Views :299  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. L. Srivastava , Ashok Kumar , S. K. Sharma , C. J. S. K. Emmanuel , U. K. Tomar

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 134, No 7 (2008), Pagination: 916-922

Abstract

Keeping in view the low productivity of forestry plantations in Rajasthan and Gujarat, an effort has been initiated to enhance the productivity of bamboo plantations using improved planting material raised either through clonal methods or through tissue culture. These trials have been established at Chakhalia, Jhalod (Gujarat); Kushalgarh (Rajasthan). In total 50 ha area has been covered under these specialty plantations, the bamboo species considered for planting are Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa bambos. In these performance trials some experimentation were also laid out to see the effect of soil amelioration using organic and inorganic manures and effect of spacing on the growth and productivity of the bamboo plantations. The spacing used are 5m × 5m and 6m × 6m. The initial establishment's results are quite encouraging in both the states. In Gujarat survival percentage ranges from 97.2 % to 100.0% for both the species whereas in Rajasthan sites it was 67.6% to 96.8% (Kushalgarh). The differences observed in the survival percentage may be due to altitudinal variations as the altitude of Gujarat site is 259 m amsl whereas it was 457.20 m amsl for Rajasthan sites. The overall growth performance of both the species is quite satisfactory. Initial inferences can be drawn from these trials is that bamboos can be introduced in both the states in Agroforestry systems.

Keywords

Bamboo Plantations, Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa bambos, Productivity, Tissue Culture, Rajasthan, Gujara

Full Text

     

• Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa wamin Propagation through Single Node Branch Cuttings

Abstract Views :491  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Verma , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 133, No 3 (2007), Pagination: 425-429

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Emergence of Gall Inducing Insect Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) in Eucalyptus Plantations in Gujarat, India

Abstract Views :331  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Shivesh Kumar , S. K. Sharma , Tarun Kant , C. J. S. K. Emmanuel

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 133, No 11 (2007), Pagination: 1566-1568

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Breeding, Improvement and Germplasm Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - a Review

Abstract Views :354  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Verma , S. K. Sharma , Charan Singh , H. Mehta

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 130, No 3 (2004), Pagination: 291-303

Abstract

Medicinal plants have a long history of their association with humankind since time immemorial. Indian, Chinese and the other oriental systems of medicines are dependent on medicinal plants besides the traditional use of a range of plants as medicines by tribals living in the forests as has been brought out in different ethno-botanical studies. The Asiatic flora includes tropical, sub-tropical and temperate species used in modern medicines and aroma industries. The genetic erosion rates of medicinal flora are alarming leading to shrinking biodiversity and this calls for invoking all feasible breeding methods and strategies to increase genetic variation and augment it to conservation of already existing variation. The methods of conservation could be in-situ and ex-situ. Among in-situ conservation, natural reserves, forest reserves, national parks etc. are included while in ex-situ (off site) conservation, gene banks, herbal garden, seed orchards and in-vitro methods of conservation viz. shoot culture and plant cell suspension culture are included. The advents of molecular tools have opened up new vistas of mobilizing genes across genera and texa and plant improvement through marker assisted selection (MAS). These new techniques along with already existing time-tested methods can be useful complements for future germplasm improvement and conservation.

Full Text

     

• Gall Rust of Acacia modesta - a New Disease Record

Abstract Views :294  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

N. S. K. Harsh , S. K. Verma , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 130, No 4 (2004), Pagination: 461-462

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Provenance Variation in the Specific Gravity of Wood of Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.)

Abstract Views :267  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

D. P. Uniyal , S. K. Verma , S. K. Sharma , V. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 128, No 12 (2002), Pagination: 1295-1301

Abstract

Provenance variation in specific gravity of wood of 23 provenances of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) belonging to 4 States viz. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh (now in Uttaranchal) and Arunachal Pradesh covering the geographical range between 27ο30' N to 35ο N, Longitude 75ο 20' E to 92ο 30' E and altitude 575 m to 2,200 m has been reported. These studies were carried out on 16-years-old trees growing in a field trial laid out under Indo-Danish Project on Seed Procurement and Tree Improvement (lDPSPTI) in 1981 at New Forest Campus, Dehra Dun, (Alt. 640m Lat. 30ο 20' 40ο N, Long. 78ο 0' and R.F. 216 cm). Significant differences (P

Full Text

     

• A Preliminary Study on the Air-layering in Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. Var. Indica

Abstract Views :247  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma , S. K. Verma , D. P. Uniyal

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 128, No 12 (2002), Pagination: 1376-1378

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Characterisation of Outer Himalayan Watersheds and Management Strategies for Moderated and Sustained Stream Flow Regimes

Abstract Views :195  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

G. Sastry , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 127, No 3 (2001), Pagination: 325-342

Abstract

The Himalayas cover an area of about 50 million ha and there has been a very rapid increase in the developmental activities. A near exponential population growth has placed a further heavy demand on already limited natural resources. Debris load production from steam banks, land slides and mine waste causes in-equilibrium in stream flow regimes and further cause extensive damage to life and property in the valley lands. The paper deals with - (a) determination of Himalayan Watershed Characteristics and assessment of relative erosion proneness and torrent formation, (b) to establish relationships between channel morphological parameters with drainage area and channel length upstream, and (c) to evaluate the performance of the management strategies in the reduction of runoff and debris load production rates. The studies conducted clearly indicate that - (a) bed material size increased up to about one-fourth to onethird of the length of torrent and decreased, thereafter, which is attributed to both colluvial and gravitational forces. (b) an inverse relationship exist between channel width and local bed slope, (c) the reclamation measures reduce runoff from almost 55 per cent to 33 per cent and debris load from near 550 tonnes/ha/year to 8.0 tonnes/ha/yr. When conservation measures are implemented scientifically then it would not only reduce runoff and debris load but also improve dry weather flow and sustain for a longer period i.e., from 100 days to 240 days.

Full Text

     

• Timber Distribution Scheme (TDS) in Himachal Pradesh - Issues and Perspectives

Abstract Views :234  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Sujoy Banerjee , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 127, No 11 (2001), Pagination: 1223-1228

Abstract

Since the time the forests of Himachal Pradesh have been taken up for management by the erstwhile British Government in the pre-independence period , the local people have been granted some rights out of the forests of the nearby areas to meet their genuine requirements. As per the settlement of Anderson in 1915 these rights under the Timber Distribution Scheme (TDS) included the provision of timber trees for over a fixed period of time for the repair and construction of houses , fuel wood during celebrations and festivals , repair of temples (Devtaa rights) , timber for the repair of bridges , etc. , subject to the payment of a token amount in certain cases as may be applicable. However , over the past few years , the population has increased greatly while at the same time , the TDS policies have not been revised. As a result , this has created tremendous pressure on the meagre forest resources that are existing at present. This paper attempts to highlight certain important issues related to TDS in Himachal Pradesh.

Full Text

     

• Assessment of Wood Quality of Grevillea robusta from Bangalore,karnataka

Abstract Views :174  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

B. S. Kamala , Vimal Kothiyal , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 126, No 6 (2000), Pagination: 625-633

Abstract

Physical and mechanical properties of Grevillea robusta procured from Institute of Wood Science and Technology campus, Bangalore were evaluated. Hardness and nail holding power are maximum in basal portion. Variation are found significant with height for sp.gr.,FS at LP and MCS in green condition. Based on the strength properties, the timber is classified as moderately heavy, moderately strong, not tough, moderately steady and soft. The timber is classified as group III constructional timber. It may be used for door shutters and frames, joinery, furniture, decorative veneers, turnery and packing cases.

Full Text

     

• Inter-clonal Variation in Leaf Shape of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. in Clonal Seed Orchard

Abstract Views :240  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Verma , S. K. Sharma , Neeraj Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 132, No 11 (2006), Pagination: 1525-1527

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Assessment of 51 Progenies of Melia azedarach Linn. - a Promising Agroforestry Tree

Abstract Views :299  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. K. Luna , Bikram Singh , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 132, No 8 (2006), Pagination: 941-951

Abstract

Melia azedarach is a promising agro-forestry tree. Assessment of 9-months old progeny trial of this species consisting of 51 progenies from Punjab, Haryana and Uttaranchal established at Kharkan; Hoshiarpur, Punjab was done. In terms of height and diameter growth progeny No. 14 (Takni, Hoshiarpur) performed the best. Results of analysis of variance for height, diameter at breast height, diameter at ground level, crown diameter, clear bole formation and d²h were highly significant at 1% level of probability. Highest variance (89.75%) was found in d²h whereas the minimum in height trait (20.50%). The heritability estimate for height was the highest (0.44 ± 0.086) followed by d²h, dbh, diameter at ground level and clear bole formation. Contribution of environmental conditions was found higher than the genetic factors. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation point out that height and diameter traits can be relied upon for early selection for tree improvement in this species. Cluster analysis revealed that progeny No. 14 and 46 were distantly apart. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that PC-I captured 77.8% of the total variance of which diameter and height exhibited the highest. Based on the results of growth performance and cluster analysis progeny No. 14 proved the best performer. The other 10 promising progenies are ranked on the basis of PCA.

Full Text

     

• Tissue Culture of 40 Year Old Clump of Bambusa Nutans Munro Culture

Abstract Views :360  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma , Sanjay Kalia

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 138, No 6 (2012), Pagination: 562-566

Abstract

Nodal segments taken from 40 yr old clump were surface sterilized using 0.1% (w/v) HgCl₂ solution for 15-20 minutes and placed aseptically on media supplemented with 7.5µM BAP for bud break (79.16 ± 7.22) and it was observed within a period of two weeks. Sprouted shoots were excised along with small piece of mother tissue and kept on medium supplemented with 5.0µM BAP for multiplication for 4-5 subculture cycles. Bunch of three shoots exhibited faster shoot multiplication when cultured on multiplication media. During multiplication phase, BAP alone proved to be superior to kinetin. Microshoots exhibited higher ischolar_maining percentages on media supplemented with IBA than other auxins (IAA or NAA). Effective IBA concentration was found to be 10µM on which 72.22% of propagules ischolar_mained. Hardening was effectively carried out on half strength MS media without growth regulators, vitamins and sucrose. Success was achieved in acclimatizing 73.33% ischolar_mained propagules on mixture carrying potting mix of sand:FYM: Soil in l:l:l in poly-tunnels. Acclimatized plantlets were successfully transplanted to pots.

Keywords

Bambusa Nutans, Indigenous, Media, Micropropagation

Full Text

     

• Sex Reversal in Populus gamblei Dode. Following Grafring

Abstract Views :208  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

V. K. Sharma , S. K. Sharma , M. S. Rawat

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 125, No 5 (1999), Pagination: 533-535

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Observation on the Effect of Gamma Rays on Spruce (Picea smithiana) Seeds Germination

Abstract Views :204  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 123, No 5 (1997), Pagination: 433-434

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• In-vitro Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources

Abstract Views :326  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. P. Ahlawat , S. K. Sharma , Y. P. Singh

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 122, No 4 (1996), Pagination: 306-315

Abstract

Past fifty years have witnessed the development and refinement of storage conditions for seeds and other plant parts as a measure of forest tree germplasm conservation. During the last two decades the quest for genetic resource conservation has reached to such a level that existing methodologies require development of an innovative and reliable technology package for the genetic resource preservation. Techniques of in-vitro conservation hold enormous potential, however, extensive and systematic efforts to refine them into technology are needed. To date the research had mainly confined to the temperate species. Tropical forest genetic wealth which is under serious threat of depletion/extinction needs special attention for the development of in-vitro conservation strategies. The paper briefly discuss the recent approaches like in-vitro and cryopreservation technology for genetic conservation ofvaluahle plant resources and highlighted their important role in forest trees.

Full Text

     

• A Note on In-vitro Efficacy of Tobacco-soap-decoction against Clostera fulgurita Walker

Abstract Views :234  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 119, No 5 (1993), Pagination: 418-419

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Observations on the Effect of Gamma Rays on Silver Fir (Abies plndrow) Seeds Germination

Abstract Views :187  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 119, No 5 (1993), Pagination: 420-421

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Garhwal Himalayas

Abstract Views :203  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

J. K. Rawat , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 118, No 5 (1992), Pagination: 352-360

Abstract

Biological diversity in the Garhwal Himalaya has been described highlighting the endangered species of flora and fauna there. Various conservation efforts in progress in the region, grouped under (i) habitat and species protection, (ii) legislation and (iii) public awareness and voluntary agenCies, have been reported. Some suggestions for promoting biodiversity conservation have also been put forward.

Full Text

     

• Observations on the Performance of Poplars in the Cold Desert Area of Spiti Valley (H.P.)

Abstract Views :179  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 117, No 4 (1991), Pagination: 284-285

Abstract

No abstract

Full Text

     

• Performance of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) in Salt Affected Soils

Abstract Views :203  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

K. Singh , J. S. P. Yadav , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 116, No 2 (1990), Pagination: 154-162

Abstract

Performance of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) was studied in salt affected soils of Vrijbhumi Forest Division (U.P.) to evaluate its tolerance limit to varying salinity and sodicity conditions. Shisham of site quality class III to IV was found to occur in normal loamy soils (Fluventic and Aquic ustochrepts), whereas poor growth of quality class V was found in moderately saline soils (Loamy Typic Camborthids and Aeric Halaquepts) having values of ECe below 18.5 dS m^-1 and pH below 8 8 in the ischolar_main zone and quality class VI in sodic soils (Loamy Natric Paleorthids) having values of ESP above 30 and pH above 9.0. Higher concentration of neutral salts in top 12 or 17 cm soil did not adversely affect the growth of plants.

Full Text

     

• Effect of Gamma Rays on the Growth of Poplar

Abstract Views :182  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma , S. R. Arya , S. P. Chaukiyal

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 116, No 7 (1990), Pagination: 572-576

Abstract

The study was conducted to observe the effect of gamma rays on P.ciliata and P. deltoides growth. The preliminary observations have indicated induction of variability in height and collar diameter and possibilities of selecting mutants resistant to rust and leaf spot diseases of poplars.

Full Text

     

• Forest Soil Cum Vegetation Survey and Classification with Special Reference to South India. II: Sampling Intensity

Abstract Views :170  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma , K. G. Prasad , M. George , S. B. Singh

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 112, No 5 (1986), Pagination: 417-425

Abstract

While various methods are available for collection of soil and vegetation data for further processing, no information is available from South Indian Forest, on the intensity of sampling for their survey, classification and mapping. An area of about 9000 ha in Coimbatore forest division was surveyed and both soil and vegetation data were collected at varying grid distances. The data were grouped, classified and mapped. Chi-square value of heterogeneity increased when the grid length was increased across the contour than along the contour. Considering the time and cost involved in survey, analysis of samples, processing of data and preparation of report, by compromising with accuracy, grid distance of 2km along the contour and 1 km across the contour may be used for forest soil and vegetation survey, classification and mapping.

Full Text

     

• Contribution of Grass Component (Ground Storey) in Afforested Areas in Arid Regions

Abstract Views :256  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

L. D. Ahuja , S. K. Sharma , C. M. Verma , T. R. Lamba

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 111, No 7 (1985), Pagination: 542-548

Abstract

Production of grass in areas afforested with Prosopis cineraria, Albizzla lebbak, Tecomella undulata and Acacia senegal in arid conditions of Jodhpur for five years (1972-76) was evaluated. Total forage production under the species averaged to 1.494, 1.352, 1.413 and 0.634 t/ha respectlvely, when population of respective tree species was 566.6, 283.3, 383.3 and 1516.6 per hectare. Contribution of perennial species was highest (74.77%) under Prosopis cineraria and least under Tecomella undulata (53.72%) and Acacia senegal(52.5%). Forage production was influenced by total precipitation and also its pattern of distribution; maximum being during 1973 and least being during 1974 and 1972. Perennial species contributed highest during the years when precipitation was low and/or ill distributed, indicating drought hardy nature of perennial grass species.

Full Text

     

• Phenotypic Stability of some Promising Strains of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. In Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Rajasthan

Abstract Views :219  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

G. N. Bhati , S. K. Sharma , L. N. Harsh

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 111, No 9 (1985), Pagination: 714-719

Abstract

Eight promising strains of Cenchrus ciliaria were studied at three different locations i.e. Jodhpur, Pall and Samdari for three consecutive years from 1978 to 1980, for their stability. Although Strains No. 1263 showed average stability in all environments, but high deviations mean square values suggest strengthening of breeding efforts to develop strains with high stability and general adaptability for arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan desert.

Full Text

     

• Forest Vegetation Survey and Classification with Special Reference to South India I. Vegetation Survey and Quadrat Analysis

Abstract Views :261  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma , M. George , K. G. Pasad

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 109, No 6 (1983), Pagination: 384-394

Abstract

The paper deals with the standardisation of quadrat size and recording of vegetation data with special reference to south Indian forests for its classification into communuties and mapping. The data were collected from south Indian dry deciduous, moist deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen type of forests. The minimal area for tree quadrat depends on the forest type and varies from 400 m³ for dry and moist deciduous forests to 900 m². For semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. Quadrat size of 9 m² was minimal for shurbs irrespective of forests types. Methods of laying out quadrat for convenient and speedy recording of vegetation data have been described.

Full Text

     

• An Assement of Cane Potential of Baratang Island In South Andaman Forest Division

Abstract Views :229  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma , P. M. Bhatt

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 108, No 4 (1982), Pagination: 270-282

Abstract

The cane resources of the country are fast depleting due to heavy demand and Andaman & Nlcobar Islands are considered to be the last basting for availability of canes to meet the demand locally as well as on the main land. In order to find out the possibility of meeting the cane requirement of Sports Goods Export Promotion Council, an assessment of cane potential in Baratang Island was made adopting the random sampling method. An area of 3223 hectares was divided into 123 primary blocks of which 32 primary blocks Were randomly selected. 3 secondary blocks of one hectare each were demarcated in each primary block. To avoid labour and wastage, secondary blocks were further divided into 4 equal parts to take one of the 0.25 hectare area for data collection. Only 4 species of canes Out of 7 species were considered as the other cane species are seldom found in Baratang Island. 3 commercial species viz., Calomus andamanicus, Calomus pseudorivalis and Korthalsia lactniosa and Calamus longisetus though not commercial, but occurs Very frequently in Baratang Island were considered. It was revealed that the potential of canes in Baratang Island with regard to standard error.

Full Text

     

• Soil Biosequences of a Forest Land of Dun Valley with Reference to its Vegetation

Abstract Views :227  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. M. Singhal , J. S. Samra , S. D. Sharma , P. Pande , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 108, No 4 (1982), Pagination: 293-299

Abstract

Interrelationship between the soils and vegetation have been discused in respect of a forest land of Dun Valley (U.P.) having sal (Shorea rabusta), teak (Tectona grandis) and miscellaneous species as its main vegetation. The soils under various types of vegetation differ marginally from one another at various levels. The soil under teak and miscellaenous species contain comparatively more available nutrients than soils under sal, which has otherwise sustained greater interaction by vegetation during the course of their development.

Full Text

     

• A Comparative Study of Saline-sodic, Sodic and Normal Soils in Relation to forest Growth of South Kheri Forest division, (U.P.)

Abstract Views :258  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

K. Singh , S. K. Sharma , R. M. Singhal , J. S. Samra , S. D. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 108, No 7 (1982), Pagination: 471-480

Abstract

A soils investigation was conducted in April. 1979 in some salt-affected and normal soils of South Kheri Forest division (U.P.) in order to compare (I) saline-sodie soils where all forest species have failed to grow, (ii) sodie soils having fair growth of some tolerant forest species, and (iii) Normal soils having good stand of natural sal forest. These soils vary widely in several morphological. Physical and chemical characteristics and accordingly, the forest species have shown varying growth response. In general, all forest species have failed to grow on CO₃-CI type saline-sodic soils which are compact and indurated with cemented bed of CaCO₃ (kankar) nodules mixed in clay pan, have drainage donditions very poor, pH>9.5, ESP>40 and EC> 4 m mhos/cm. Few lines on reclamation of these soils have also been suggested. Tendu (Diospyros tomentosa). Dhak (Butea monosperma) Mahus (Madlmca indica). Dudhi (Wrightia tomentosa). Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Rohini (Mallotus philippinensis) are able to grow on CI-HCO₃ type sodic soils having a maximum pH value 8.0. EC of saturation extract 4 m mhos/cm at 25°C and ESP 10 in top one metre deep soil but in subsoil tolerance of plants may go upto the values of pH 9.3, ESP 40 and EC 4. A good growth of sal (Shorea robbusta) is obtained in well drained nonsaline-nonsodic soils.

Full Text

     

• Enrichment of Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests by Planting in Andaman Islands

Abstract Views :183  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 105, No 4 (1979), Pagination: 260-273

Abstract

The definition of enrithment planting and the rensons tor adoption or this method have been given the role of enrichment plating in filling the gaps in the regeneration areas with the desired species under selection system and Irregular shelterwood syatem has been highlighted A review of work dOne on enrichment planting in Nigeria, erstwhile French West African colouies of the Ivory Coast, Cameroons, Belgian Congo, British Uganda, Malaya and is India has been furnished. A historical background of the adoption of enriebment planting in Andamaa Islands from the year 1906 uptodate as prescribed in varioas Working Plans has been shren. The environmental factors under which described. The methods employed for earichment the moist deciduous forests in Andaman Isands with Teak and Padauk have been narrated. The statistics of beight and girth of Teak planted in the enrichment areas and Teak growan in plantations of the same age bave been collected and tahulated Curve. I and II depicting the average crop girth by age aad aveage crop beight by age have been drawn. The tentative inferences drawn from these two curves have also been indicated. The expectsion of yield from enrichment plantiog ares in Andaman Islandss has been estimated at 56 Cu m per hectare from Teak and 87 cu m per hectare from indigenous commercially valuable species the regeneration of teak in 1957 enrichment plantaion area in Swamp Island in North Andaman Division bas been pointed out. The esseutial condition. for success and limiting factors for enrichment planting with feak have been discussed. The advantages claimed for enrichment planting have be touched upon It has been concluded that enrichment planting with Teak can be successfully adopted as a normal divisional practice in AnJaman Islands to improve the stocking, economic value of the forests and also for incorporating Teak in the natural, vegetative complex.

Full Text

     

• A Further Contribution to the Study of Nursery Behaviour of Diospyros marmorata R.N. Parker (Marblewood)

Abstract Views :246  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 103, No 8 (1977), Pagination: 542-549

Abstract

The results of the trials and experiments conducted with this species for studying the viability, germination percent and plant percent with different seed treatments and seeds sown after different periods from the date or collection of fruits have been given. The viability period of seeda of this species goes hardly beyoud 20 days. For comparison, the seeds collected from Betapur were given the same treatment as those from Boroinyol, and it was found that Betapur seeds had better viability and germination. The treatment given to seeds by soaking them is cold or hot water did not improve the germination. The plants planted ia May survived better than the plants planted in June and afterwards. The survived plants also suffered further during the first summer (dry) months from February onwards.

Full Text

     

• Geospatial Approach for Forest Fire Risk Modeling: a Case Study of Taradevi Range of Shimla Forest Division in Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract Views :355  |  PDF Views:4

Authors

Shruti Kanga , Laxmi Kant Sharma , M. S. Nathawat , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 3 (2011), Pagination: 296-303

Abstract

Forest fires are calamity that causes damage to the forest economy which is considerably greater than all damages caused by the harmful insects and diseases. Its cause's substantial damage whether caused by natural or anthropogenic factors. Therefore the problem of controlling forest fire is making its important place in issue of economy development. The study area is prone to fire because of the presence of dominant species of pines which are highly susceptible to fires due to the presence of resins. The greatest danger from fire occurs during the month of April to June in higher temperatures periods. Satellite images were interpreted and classified to generate fuel type layer and land use layers. Topographic layers (slope, aspect and altitude) were derived from SRTM data. The thematic and topographic information was analyzed by using ARC/INFO GIS software. Forest fire risk zones were delineated by assigning subjective weights to the classes of all the layers (vegetation type, slope, aspect, elevation and distance from roads, and settlements) according to their sensitivity to fire or their fire-inducing capability. Five categories of forest fire risk ranging from very high to very low were derived on knowledge based information.

Keywords

Forest Fire Risk Model, Geospatial Approach

Full Text

     

• Germination and Viability of Weed Seeds in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Plantation of Assam

Abstract Views :311  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. N. Gogoi , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 472-480

Abstract

Seed germination and longevity of 20 monocotyledonous and 54 dicotyledonous weed species growing in tea gardens of Assam were investigated when stored for 6 and 12 months in ambient conditions. Weeds showed six germination patterns and significant variations in germinations. Thirty seven species were viable for 12 months in storage while 13 species lost viability at 6 months of storage and 23 species lost their viability at 12 months of storage of seeds.

Keywords

Germination, Viability, Weed Seeds, Tea Plantation, Assam

Full Text

     

• Assessment of Wood Traits Variation in the Segregating Populations of Eucalyptus hybrids

Abstract Views :298  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Verma , S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 6 (2011), Pagination: 732-738

Abstract

The present paper reports the genetic variation observed in wood propertieS viz., fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and wall thickness in segregating populations of F₂ reciprocal hybrid class (E. citriodora × E. torelliana), F₃ E. citriodora × E. torelliana and parents (E. citriodora and E. torelliana) which were developed at New Forest Dehradun (India). A subtle range in variation in wood properties was observed due to segregation when compared with parents. The differences in wood properties of outer, middle and inner segments of core samples were found statisticaUy significant for increase in specific gravity. The individuals in F₂ and F₃ generations have recorded higher fibre length, outer fibers diameter and less wall thickneSs as compared to parents. The differences between parents and segregating populations were found significant. Significant negative correlations were found between outer fiber diameter and dbh, specific gravity and fiber length, fiber lumen diameter and dbh, specific gravity and fiber length while significant positive correlation was found between specific gravity and fiber wall thickness.

Keywords

Euadyptus hybrids, E. citriodora, E. torelliana, Segregating Populations, Wood
Properties

Full Text

     

• In-vitro and Ex-vitro Flowering in Dendrocalamus Asper (J.H. Schultes Backer ex K. Heyne) in India

Abstract Views :304  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 137, No 9 (2011), Pagination: 1127-1129

Abstract

no abstract

Full Text

     

• A Further Study of Phenology and Nursery Behaviour of Some Andaman Timber Species

Abstract Views :209  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 96, No 2 (1970), Pagination: 89-94

Abstract

The Phenology and Nursery behaviour of eight Andaman Timber Species have been described in this paper. A detailed account of their physiognomy, behaviour in nursery and their response to artificial methods of reproduction under different conditions is presented. The data collected in the nursery trials conducted at Research Nurseries have also heen furnished to give a correct appraisal of the nursery behaviour of these species in these islands.

Full Text

     

• Introductory Trial of Tropical Pines in Andaman Islands A Nursery Study

Abstract Views :156  |  PDF Views:1

Authors

S. K. Sharma

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 101, No 4 (1975), Pagination: 209-220

Abstract

Attempts at raising quick growing tropical pines in the Andamans were started in the year 1969. A chronological account of nursery trials conducted so far is given in this article for a comparative study of the performance of various tropical pines tried in these Islands. The results so far obtained point to the most promising of the tropical pines raised and the best nursery technique to be adopted in the climatic conditions obtained in these Islands.

Full Text

     

• Tree Improvement Work on Eucalyptus Tereticornis in India - An overview

Abstract Views :279  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 SLEM Project, Directorate of Extension Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, IN

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 140, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 38-45

Abstract

In this overviewvarious aspects of genetic tree improvement of Eucalyptus tereticornis have been covered,which include provenance variation, seed stand, seed production areas, seedling seed orchard, and clonal seed orchard, hybridization andvegetativepropagation.Workrelatedtoapplicationof tissueculturetechnique has also been incorporated.

Keywords

Eucalyptus Tereticornis, Seed Stand, Seed Production Areas, Seedling Seed Orchard and Clonal Seed Orchard, Hybridization and Vegetative Propagation.

Full Text

     

References

• Bachelard, E.P. and Stowe, B.B. (1963). Rooting of cuttings of Acer rubrum L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Australian Journal Biological Sciences, 16:751-767.
• Barghchi, M., (1987). Mass clonal propagation in-vitro of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black locust) cv jaszkiseri. Plant Science, 53: 183-189.
• Banerjee, S,K., Nath,S. and Nandi, A. (1990). Provenance trials of Eucalyptus tereticornis in two lateritic soils of West Bengal. Ind. J. Forestry.13:1-7.
• Bisht, P, Kapoor, M.L., Sharma, S.K. and Chauhan, J.M.S. (1997). In-vitro clonal propagation of juvenile Eucalyptus hybrid (E. camaldulensis x E. tereticornis). Indian J. Forestry, 20(1): 93-97.
• Bist, P., Joshi, Ila, Chauhan, J.M.S., Sharma, S.K. and Bagchi, S.K. (2000). Micropropagation of 23-year-old candidate plus tree of Eucalyptus tereticornisSm. Indian J. Forestry, 23(2): 149-154.
• Boland, D.J. (1981). Eucalypt seed for Indian plantations from better Australian Natural seed sources. Indian Forester, 107:125-134.
• Brandao, L.G., Campinhos, E. and Ikemori, Y.K. (1984). Brazil’s new forest soars to success. Pulp and Paper International. 26(12): 38-40.
• Chaturvedi, A.N. (1973). Rotation in Eucalyptus hybrid plantations. Indian Forester. 99: 205-214.
• Chaturvedi, A.N. (1976). Eucalyptus in India. Indian Forester, 102:57-63
• Chaturvedi, A.N., Siraji, P. and Jayaram Prasad, D.V. (1989). Eucalyptus provenance trials in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Forester, 115:445-454.
• Chauhan, J.M.S., Prabha Bisht, Kapoor, M.L. and Rawat, M.S. (1996). In-vitro clonal propagation of Eucalyptus hybrid FRI-4 (E. tereticornis x E. camaldulensis). Annals of Forestry, 4 (2): 186-191.
• Cresswell, R.J.R. and De-fossard, R.A. (1974). Organ culture of Eucalyptus grandis. Aust. For. 37: 55-67.
• Davidson, J. (1974). Reproduction of Eucalyptus degluptaby cuttings. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 4:191-203.
• Davidson, J. and Das, S.(eds) (1985). Eucalyptus in Bangladesh. Silviculture Bulletin No.6. Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong.
• Delwaulle, J.C. and Martin, B. (1984). Strategic d’ amelioration des Eucalyptus on congo. In. Proceeding IUFRO Colloque international Surles Eucalyptus resistants on froid, Bordeaux, September 1983, pp.491-508.
• AFOCEL,PARIS. Elridge, K., Davidson, J., Harwood, C. and Wyk, G.V. (1993). Eucalypt domestication and breeding. Oxford Science Publication. Clarendon Press. OXFORD.
• Franclet, A. (1956). Premiers travanx d’amelioration genetique des Eucalyptus, Annales de’la Recherche Forestiere on Maroc, 4: 63-85.
• Franclet, A. (1963). Amelioration des reboisements d’ Eucalyptus par multiplication vegetative. In Proceedings FAO First World Consultation on Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement. FAO/ FORGEN-63, 2.5/5.: 1-8.
• Franclet, A. (1969). Propagation by cutting, resinous trees and other difficult species. In Documents FAO Second World Consultation on forest tree Breeding, 2: 1304-1313.
• Franclet, A. (1970). Techniques de bouturage des Eucalyptus camaldulensis. NoteTechnique 12.FAO/IRT, Institute de Reboisment de Tunisie.
• Franklin, E.C. and Meskimen, G.F. (1973). Genetic improvement of Eucalyptus robusta Son. in Southern Florida. In: Tropical provenance research and international Cooperation (ed. J. Berley and D.G. Nikles), pp. 421-424.
• CFI. OXFORD. Franklin, E.C. and Meskimen, G.F. (1974). Progeny testing in a Eucalyptus breeding progranmme. In: Proceeding IUFRO working Party 52.04.3, pp 2-4.
• Knoxville, Tennesse. Franklin, E.C. and Meskimen, G.F.(1984). Choice of species and provenances in cold summer rainfall climates. In: Proceedings IUFRO Colloque international sur les eucalyptus resistants an froid, Bordeaux, September 1983, pp.341.DOCWL, Paris.
• Giovdano, E. (1956). Preservaxioni preliminari sulla mothilicazioni vegetative negli eucalltt. Publicazioni del centro di Sperminuntazzione Agricola & Forestale, 1:131-152.
• Hills, W.E. and Brown, A.G. (1984). Eucalyptus for wood production (2nd edn). CSIRO/ Academic Press, Melbourne.
• Jacobs, M.R. (1981). Eucalyptus for planting. FAO Forestry Series No.11, FAO, ROME.
• Kapoor, M.L. and Sharma, V.K. (1984). Hybrids between Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. and E. torelliana F.V. Muell. in India. Silvae Genetica, 33(2-3): 44-46.
• Kapoor, M.L., Bist, P., Chauhan, J.M.S., Joshi, Ila; Sharma, S.K. and Bagchi. S.K. (1999). Improvement planting stock of Eucalyptus tereticornis: a protocol for mass clonal multiplication through tissue culture FRI, Brochure-6, 98-99 59, ICFRE, Br-8. Published by FRI.
• Otegbeye, G.O. (1990). Provenance variation in Eucalyptus tereticornis in a field trial within the North Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria. Silvae Genetica, 39:103-107.
• Martin,B. and Quillet, G. (1974). Bouturage Des orbes forstiers an congo:resultats des essais effectues a Pointee Noire de 1969 a 1973. Bois et Forests des Tropiques. 154: 41-57.
• Martin, B. (1978). L’ Eucalyptus comme enotique: recents progres dans le choix des species at des provenances. In documents FAO third world consultation on Forest tree breeding Vol. 1 pp.155-172. CSIRO, Canberra. Cross reference from Elridge et al (1993) Matheson, A.C. and Bullin, L.J. (1987).
• Variation among neighbouring and distant provenances of Eucalyptus grandis and E. tereticornis in Zimbabwean field trials. Australian Forest Research, 17:233-250.
• Pryor, L.D. and Willing, R.R. (1963). The vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus -an account of progress, Australian Forestry, 27:52- 62.
• Pryor, L.D. (1966). A report on past performance and some current aspects of the cultivation of quick growing species (mainly Eucalyptus) in India. Indian Forester, 92:615-622.
• Timoni, J.L., Coelho, L.C.C., Kageyama, P.Y. and da Silva, A.A. (1983). Teste de procedencia de Eucalyptus spp. na regiao de Moji-Guacu(SP) Silvicultura, Sao Paulo 31:505-507. Cross-Reference from Elridge et al. (1993).
• Toda, R. (1964). A brief review and conclusions of the discussions on seed orchards. Silvae Genetica, 13:1-4.
• Wyk, G. and Hodgeson, L.M. (1983). Clonal seed orchards of Eucalyptus grandis in South Africa. Silvicultura, Sao Paulo, 31:566-568.
• Venkatesan, K.R., Kumarvelu, G. and Somasundaram, K. (1986). Tree improvement on Eucalyptus species in Tamil Nadu. In, Eucalyptus in India-Past, Present and future. pp.290-296. KFRI, Peechi, India.
• Zani, J. and Kageyama, P.Y. (1984). A producao de Sementes melhoradas de especies florastais, com enfase en Eucalyptus. IPEF, Piracicaba 27:49-52. Cross reference from Elridge et al. (1993).
• Zobel, B. (1981). Vegetative propagation in forest management operations. In: Proceedings 16 Southern Forest tree improvement meeting. Blacksburg, Virginia pp.149-159.
• Zobel, B., Campinhos, E. and Ikemori, Y. (1983). Selecting and breeding for desirable wood. Tappi, 66:70-74.
• Zobel, B.J. and Talbert, J. (1984). Applied forest tree improvement, Wiley, New York.

• Biodiversity Conservation Perspective in Context to Policy and Institutional Reforms for Mainstreaming and Up-scaling Sustainbale Land and Ecosystem Management in India

Abstract Views :146  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

S. K. Sharma ¹, D. Verma ¹, Rabindra Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Sustainable Land and Ecosystem Management [SLEM] Project, Directorate of Extension, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun- 248 006, INDIA

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 140, No 3 (2014), Pagination: 265-278

Abstract

Plant diversity especially wild plant diversity is under serious threat due to human interference. Degradation of areas under agriculture, forest and woodland results in to the loss of biodiversity, productivity, disruption in ecosystem functions, and develop vulnerability to climate change. Changed land-use and climate changes are projected to cause broad-scale global land-cover transformation facilitating the increase extinction rates of species. Sustainable land management (SLM) interventions aims to minimizing land degradation, rehabilitating degraded areas and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Forests prevent the siltation of rivers and reservoirs that may arise from erosion and landslides. Forest biodiversity, besides acting as the repositories of carbon has great role in natural pollination involving insects, birds and mammals.

Keywords

Slem: Sustainable Land And Ecosystem Management; Biodiversity; Conservation.

Full Text

     

• Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Growth Regulators in Plant Growth and Development in Vitro-I. Conventional Growth Regulators

Abstract Views :190  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Suresh Kumar ¹, Rohtas Singh ², Sanjay Kalia ³, S. K. Sharma ⁴, Andrajwant K. Kalia ⁵

Affiliations
1 Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi - 110012, IN
2 School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110053, IN
4 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, IN
5 Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur – 342003, IN

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 142, No 5 (2016), Pagination: 459-470

Abstract

Growth regulators, a diverse array of organic compounds, are critical components in determining developmental pathways in plants. They interact at the cellular level to produce physiological and morphological effects. Our understanding about transport, metabolism and mode of action of growth regulators in plants has considerably increased in the recent years. Discovery of the chemicals that interfere with synthesis, transport and action of endogenous growth regulators have further improved our knowledge regarding the role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in plant's growth and development. A number of PGRs are being used in plant cell, tissue and organ cultures for decades, while many of them have recently been discovered and tested for their effects in vitro. In this review, we attempted to summarize the remarkable progress that has been made over the past decades towards understanding PGRs. The progress is further improving our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of their action, and beginning to explain how PGRs not only have direct influence on cellular growth, but also control various aspects of plant's growth in vivo as well as in vitro.

Keywords

Abscisic Acid, Auxin, Cytokinin, Ethylene, Gibberellins, Plant Growth Regulators.

Full Text

     

References

• Abeles F.B., Morgan O.W. and Sahveit M.E. (1992). Ethylene in plant biology, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego
• Adams D.O. and Yang S.F. (1979). Ethylene biosynthesis: identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76:170–174
• Ammirato P.V. (1988). Role of ABA in regulation of somatic embryogenesis. Hort Sci., 23:520
• Arnold S.V., Sabala I., Bozhkov P., Dyachok J. and Filonova L. (2002). Developmental pathways of somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult., 69:233-249
• Bandurski R.S., Cohen J.D. and Slovin J. (1995). Auxin biosynthesis and metabolism. In: Plant hormones (Davies PJ ed). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 39-65
• Bartrina I., Otto E., Strnad M., Werner T. and Schmülling T. (2011). Cytokinin regulates the activity of reproductive meristems, flower organ size, ovule formation, and thus seed yield in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell : 10.1105/tpc.110.079079.
• Beale M.H. and Sponsel V.M. (1993). Future directions in plant hormone research. J Plant Growth Regul., 12:227-235
• Biddington N.L. (1992). The influence of ethylene in plant tissue culture. Plant Growth Regul., 11:173-187
• Blumenfeld A. and Gazit S. (1970). Interaction of kinetin and abscisic acid in the growth of soybean callus. Plant Physiol., 45:535-536
• Brian P.W. and Hemming H.G. (1958). Complementary action of gibberellic acid and auxins in pea internode extension. Ann Bot., 22:1–17
• Capuana M. and Debergh P.C. (1997). Improvement of the maturation and germination of horse chestnut somatic embryos. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 48:23-29
• Carimi F., Zottini M., Formentin E., Terzi M. and Lo Schiavo F. (2003). Cytokinins: new apoptotic inducers in plants. Planta., 216:413–421
• Catterou M., Dubois F., Smets R., Vaniet S. and Kichey T. (2002). hoc: an Arabidopsis mutant overproducing cytokinins and expressing high in vitro organogenic capacity. Plant J., 30:273-287
• Chen J.G. and Zhou X. (1998). Involvement of abscisic acid in mesocotyl growth in etiolated seedlings of a Foxtail millet dwarf mutant. J Plant Growth Regul., 17:147–151
• Christians M.J., Gingerich D.J., Hansen M., Binder B.M. and Kieber J.J. (2009) The BTB ubiquitin ligases ETO1, EOL1 and EOL2 act collectively to regulate ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis by controlling type-2 ACC synthase levels. Plant J., 57:332–345
• Chung Y., Maharjan P.M., Lee O., Fujioka S. and Jang S. (2011) Auxin stimulates DWARF4 expression and brassinosteroid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J., 66:564–578
• Davies P.J. (1995) Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Norwell, MA, USA
• Davies P.J. (2010) The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence, and functions. In: Davis PJ (ed), The Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. Springer, USA.
• Dunstan D.I., Bekkaoui F., Pilon M., Fowke L.C. and Abrams S.R. (1988) Effects of abscisic acid and analogues on the maturation of white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryos. Plant Sci., 58:77-84
• Fan J., Hill L., Crooks C., Doerner P. and Lamb C. (2009) Abscisic acid has a key role in modulating diverse plant–pathogen interactions. Plant Physiol., 150:1750–1761
• Fernando S.C. and Gamage C.K.A. (2000) Abscisic acid induced somatic embryogenesis immature embryo explant of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Sci., 151:193-198
• Finkelstein R., Reeves W., Ariizumi T. and Steber C. (2008) Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Ann Rev Plant Biol., 59:387–415
• Fleet C.M. and Sun T.P. (2005) A DELLAcate balance: the role of gibberellin in plant morphogenesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol., 8:77-85
• Fleishon S., Shani E., Ori N. and Weiss D. (2011) Negative reciprocal interactions between gibberellin and cytokinin in tomato. New Phytol. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03616.x
• Friml J. (2003) Auxin transport - shaping the plant. Curr. Opin. Plant Boil., 6:7-12
• Friml J., Wisniewska J., Benkova E., Mendgen K. and Palme K. (2002) Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator AtPIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis. Nature, 415:806–809
• Frugier F., Kosuta S., Murray J.D., Crespi M. and Szczyglowski K. (2008) Cytokinin: secret agent of symbiosis. Trends Plant Sci., 13:115–120
• Fry S.C. and Street H.E. (1980) Gibberellin-sensitive cultures. Plant Physiol., 65:2- 477
• Fu X. and Harberd N.P. (2003) Auxin promotes Arabidopsis ischolar_main growth by modulating gibberellin response. Nature., 421:740–743
• Gaspar T. (1995) Selenieted forms of indolylacetic acid: new powerful synthetic auxins. Across Org Acta 1:65-66
• Gaspar T., Kevers C. and Hausman J. (1994) Peroxidase activity and endogenous free auxin during adventitious ischolar_main formation. In: Lumsdenm PJ, Nicholas JR, Davies WJ (ed), Physiology, growth and development of plants in culture. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 289-298
• Gaspar T., Kevers C., Penel C., Greppin H., Reid D.M. and Thorpe T. (1996) Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture. In vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant, 32:272-289
• Gaspar T., Kevers C. and Bouillenne H. (1989) Ethylene production in relation to rose micropropagation. In: Clysters H, De Proft M, Marcelle R (eds), Biochemical and physiological aspects of ethylene production in lower and higher plants. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 303-312
• George E.F., Hall M.A. and Klerk G.J.D. (2008) Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture, 3 rd Edition pp 205-226
• Gross D. and Parthier B. (1994) Novel natural substances acting in plant growth regulation. J Plant Growth Regul., 13:93-114
• Hagen S.R., Muneta P. and Augustin J. (1991) Stability and utilization of picloram, vitamins and sucrose in a tissue culture medium. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult., 25:45-48
• Hare P.D. and van Staden J. (1994) Inhibitory effect of thidiazuron on the activity of cytokinin oxidase isolated from soybean callus. Plant Cell Physiol., 35:1121-1125
• Hirayama T. and Shinozaki K. (2007) Perception and transduction of abscisic acid signals: keys to the function of the versatile plant hormone ABA. Trends Plant Sci., 12:343–351
• Hooker T.S. and Thorpe T.A. (1998) Effects of fluridone and abscisic acid on lateral ischolar_main initiation and ischolar_main elongation of excised tomato ischolar_mains cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult., 52:199–203.
• Jimenez V.M. and Bangerth F. (2001) Endogenous hormone levels in explants and in embryogenic and non- embryogenic culture of carrot. Physiol Plant., 111:389-395
• Kalia R.K., Arya S., Kalia S. and Arya I.D. (2007). Plantlet regeneration from fascicular buds on seedling explants of Pinus roxburghii. Biol. Plant, 51:653-659
• Kalia S., Kalia R.K. and Sharma S.K. (2004) Evaluation of clonal variability in shoot coppicing ability and in vitro responses of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Silvae Genet., 53:212-220
• Kendrew J. (1994) The encyclopedia of molecular biology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK
• Kendrick M.D. and Chang C. (2008) Ethylene signaling: new levels of complexity and regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 11:479–485
• Klee H.J., Hayford M.B., Kretzmer K.A., Barry G.F. and Kishore G.M. (1991). Control of ethylene synthesis by expression of a bacterial enzyme in transgenic tomato plants. Plant Cell, 3:1187–1193
• Kochhar T.S. (1980). Effect of abscisic acid and auxins on the growth of tobacco callus. Z Pflanzenphysiol, 97:1-4
• Kogl F. and Haagen-Smit A.J. (1931). Uber die Chemie des Wuchsstoffs K. Akad. Wetenschap. Amsterdam. Proc. Sect. Sci., 34:1411-1416
• Krikorian A.D. (1995). Hormones in tissue culture and microprupagation. In: Plant hormones(Davies PJ ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 774-796
• Kumar P.P., Lakshmanan P. and Thorpe T.A. (1998). Regulation of morphogenesis in plant tissue culture by ethylene. In Vitro Cell Dev BiolPlant, 34:94 - 103
• Kumar S. and Bhat V. (2012). High frequency direct plant regeneration via multiple shoot induction in the apomictic forage grass Cenchrus ciliaris L. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant, 41: (In Press)
• Kumar S. and Chandra A. (2009). Direct plant regeneration via multiple shoot induction in Stylosanthes seabrana. Cytologia, 74:391-399
• Kumar S., Chandra A. and Gupta M.G. (2008). Plantlet regeneration via multiple shoot induction in Indian accessions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). J Plant Biochem Biotech., 17:181-184
• Label P. and Lelu M.A. (1994). Influence of exogenous abscisic acid on germination and plantlet conversion frequencies of hybrid larch somatic embryos (Larix leptoeuropaea). Plant Growth Regul., 15:175-182
• Lance B., Reid D.M. and Thorpe T.A. (1976). Endogenous gibberellins and growth of tobacco callus cultures. Physiol. Plant, 36:287-292
• Leyser O. (2009). The control of shoot branching: an example of plant information processing. Plant Cell Environ., 32:694-703
• Malik S.K., Chaudhury R. and Kalia R.K. (2005). In vitro multiplication and conservation of Garcinia indica: A medicinal tropical tree. Sci. Hort., 106:539-553
• Matsumoto-Kitano M., Kusumoto T., Tarkowski P., Kinoshita-Tsujimura K., Vaclavıkova K., Miyawaki K. and Kakimoto T. (2008). Cytokinins are central regulators of cambial activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20027–20031
• McCourt P. and Creelman R. (2008). The ABA receptors–we report you decide. Curr Opin Plant Biol., 11:474–478
• Miller C., Skoog F., Von Saltza M.H. and Strong F.M. (1955). Kinetin, a cell division factor from deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Am Chem. Soc., 77:1392
• Miyawaki K., Matsumoto-Kitano M. and Kakimoto T. (2004). Expression of cytokinin biosynthetic isopentenyltransferase genes in Arabidopsis: Tissue speci?city and regulation by auxin, cytokinin, and nitrate. Plant J., 37:128–138
• Murray J.D., Karas B.J., Sato S., Tabata S., Amyot L. and Szczyglowski K. (2007). A cytokinin perception mutant colonized by Rhizobium in the absence of nodule organogenesis. Science, 315:101–104
• Nambara E. and Marion-Poll A. (2005). Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., 56:165–185
• Nicotra A.B., Atkin O.K., Bonser S.P., Davidson A.M. and Finnegan E.J. (2010). Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate. Trends Plant Sci., 15:684-692
• Oeller P.W., Min-Wong L., Taylor L.P., Pike D.A. and Theologis A. (1991). Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit senescence by antisense RNA. Science, 254:437-439
• Parthier B. (2004). Phytohormones and chloroplast development. Biochem Physiol Pflanz, 174:173-214.
• Peng J., Richards D.E., Hartley N.M., Murphy G.P., Devos K.M., Flintham J.E., Beales J., Fish L.J., Worland A.J. and Pelica F. (1999).'Green Revolution' genes encode mutant gibberellins response modulators. Nature, 400:256–261
• Peng Z.Y., Zhou X., Li L., Yu X. and Li H. (2009). Arabidopsis Hormone Database: a comprehensive genetic and phenotypic information database for plant hormone research in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res., 37:D975–D982
• Picton S., Barton S.L., Bouzayen M., Hamilton A.J. and Grierson D. (1993). Altered fruit ripening and leaf senescence in tomatoes expressing an antisense ethylene-forming enzyme transgene. Plant J., 13:469-481
• Pua E.C. and Chi G.L. (1993). De novo shoot morphogenesis and plant growth of mustard (Brassica juncea) in vitro in relation to ethylene. Physiol Plant., 88:467-474
• Pua E.C. and Lee J.E.E. (1995). Enhanced de novo shoot morphogenesis in vitro by expression of antisense 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase gene in transgenic mustard plants. Planta, 196:69-76
• Radojevic L. (1988). Plant regeneration of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Horse chestnut) through somatic embryogenesis. J. Plant Physiol., 132:322-326
• Rai M.K., Jaiswal V.S. and Jaiswal U. (2008). Effect of ABA and sucrose on germination of encapsulated somatic embryos of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Sci. Hort., 117:302-305
• Rai M.K., Shekhawat N.S., Gupta H.A.K., Phulwaria M. and Ram K. (2011). The role of abscisic acid in plant tissue culture: a review of recent progress. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 111(2): 179-190
• Rashotte A.M., Carson S.D., To J.P. and Kieber J.J. (2003). Expression profiling of cytokinin action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 132:1998–2011
• Roberts D.R., Flinn B.S. and Webb D.T. (1990). Abscisic acid and indole-3- butyric acid regulation of maturation and accumulation of storage proteins in somatic embryos of interior spruce. Physiol. Plant, 78:355-360
• Robertson A.J., Weninger A., Wilen R.W., Fu P. and Gusta L.V. (1994). Comparison of dehydrin gene expression and freezing tolerance in Bromus inermis and Secale cereale grown in controlled environments, hydroponics, and the field. Plant Physiol., 106:1213-1216

• Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Growth Regulators in Plant Growth and Development in Vitro - II. Non-Conventional Growth Regulators

Abstract Views :229  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Rajwant K. Kalia ¹, Rohtas Singh ², Sanjay Kalia ³, S. K. Sharma ⁴, suresh Kumar ⁵

Affiliations
1 Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur – 342003, (Rajasthan), IN
2 School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, IN
4 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, IN
5 Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, IN

Source

Indian Forester, Vol 142, No 6 (2016), Pagination: 524-535

Abstract

A diverse array of growth regulators interact at the cellular level to produce physiological and morphological effects on plant growth, morphology and yield. The five conventional growth regulators viz. auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene are being used in plant cell, tissue and organ cultures for decades, while many of them, like non-purine cytokinins, polyamines, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, oligosaccharides, sterols, phosphoinositosides, salicylic acid and systemins, have recently been discovered and tested for their effects in vitro. However, many have not yet been examined for their effects on in vitro growth and development of plants. In this review, we attempted to summarize the progress that has been made over the past two decades towards understanding the role of non conventional PGRs in plant growth and development.

Keywords

Brassinosteroids, Jasmonic Acid, Oligosaccharides, Plant Growth Regulators, Polyamines, Salicylic Acid, Signal Peptides.

Full Text

     

References

• Agusti J., Herold S., Schwarz M., Sanchez P., Ljung K. (2011). Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108:20242-20247.
• Andarwulan N. and Shetty K. (2009). Influence of acetyl salicylic acid in combination with fish protein hydrolysates on hyperhydricity reduction and phenolic synthesis in oregano (Origanum vulgare) tissue cultures. J. Food Biochem, 23:619-635.
• Antognoni F., Faudale M., Poli F. and Biondi S. (2009). Methyl jasmonate differentially affects tocopherol content and tyrosine amino transferase activity in cultured cells of Amaranthus caudatus and Chenopodium quinoa. Plant Biol., 11:161-169.
• Asami T., Mizutani M., Fujioka S., Goda H., Min Y.K. (2001). Selective interaction of triazole derivatives with DWF4, a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase of the brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway, correlates with brassinosteroid deficiency in plants. J. Biol. Chem., 276:25687–25691.
• Aydin Y., Talas-Ogras T., Altmkut A., Ismailoglu I., Arican E. (2010). Cytohistological studies during cotton somatic embryogenesis with brassinosteroid application. IUFS J. Biol., 69:33-39.
• Bais H.P., George J. and Ravishankar G.A. (2004). Influence of polyamines on growth of hairy ischolar_main cultures of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow Local) and formation of coumarins. J. Plant Growth Regul., 18:33-37.
• Bajguz A. and Czerpak R. (1996). Effect of Brassinosteroids on Growth and Proton Extrusion in the Alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Chlorophyceae). Plant Growth Regul., 15:153-156.
• Baldan B., Bertoldo A., Navazio L. and Mariani P. (2003). Oligogalacturonide-induced changes in the developmental pattern of Dacus carota L. somatic embryos. Plant Sci., 165:337-348.
• Bao F., Shen J., Brady S.R., Muday G.K., Asami T. and Yang Z. (2004). Brassinosteroids interact with auxin to promote lateral ischolar_main development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 134:1624-1631.
• Baroja-Fernández E., Aguirreola H., Martinkova J., Hanus J. and Strnad M. (2002). Aromatic cytokinins in micropropagated potato plants. Plant Physiol Biochem., 40:217-227.
• Bastola D.R. and Minocha S.C. (1995). Increased putrescine biosynthesis through transfer of mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA in carrot promotes somatic embryogenesis. Plant Physiol., 109:63-71.
• Bennett T., Sieberer T., Willett B., Booker J., Lusching C. (2006). The Arabidopsis MAX pathway controls shoot branching by regulating auxin transport. Curr. Biol., 16:553–563.
• Be ová-Kákošová A., Digonnet C., Goubet F., Ranocha P., Jauneou A., et al. (2006). Galactoglucomannans increase cell population density and alter the protoxylem/metaxylem tracheary element ration in xylogenic cultures of Zinnia. Plant Physiol., 142:696-709.
• Bhot M., Naphade S., Varghese J. and Chandra N. (2010). In vitro culture studies in three varieties of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) blume using node explants from field grown plants. J. Cell Tiss. Res., 10:2439-2444.
• Blazquez S., Piqueras A., Serna M.D., Casas J.L. and Fernandez J.A. (2004). Somatic embryogenesis in saffron: optimization through temporary immersion and polyamine metabolism. Acta Hort., 650:269-276.
• Bulgakov V.P., Tchernoded G.K., Mischenko N.P., Khodakovskaya M.V., Glazunov V.P., (2002). Effect of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon and cantharidin on anthraquinone production by Rubia cordifolia callus cultures transformed with the rolB and rolC genes. J. Biotechnol., 97:213-221.
• Carra A., De-Pasquale F., Ricci A. and Carimi F. (2006). Diphenylurea derivatives induce somatic embryogenesis in Citrus. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 87:41-48.
• Chiwocha S.D.S., Dixon K.W., Flematti G.R., Ghisalberti E.L., Merritt D.J., (2009). Karrikins: A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke. Plant Sci., 177:252-256.
• Clouse S.D. (1996). Molecular genetic studies confirm the role of brassinosteroids in plant growth and development. Plant J.,10:1-8.
• Couee I., Hummel I., Sulmon C., Gouesbet G. and El Amrani A. (2004). Involvement of polyamines in ischolar_main development. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 76:1-10.
• Cowan A.K. (2006). Phospholipidsas plant growth regulators. Plant Growth Regul., 48:97-109.
• Davies P.J. (2010). The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence, and functions. In: The Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action (Davis P.J. ed),. Springer, USA
• De-la-Pena C., Galaz-A valos R.M. and Loyola-Vargas V.M. (2008). Possible role of light and polyamines in the onset of somatic embryogenesis of Coffea canephora. Mol. Biotechnol., 39:215–224.
• Desai H.V. and Mehta A.R. (1985). Changes in polyamine levels during shoot formation, ischolar_main formation and callus induction in cultured Passiflora leaf discs. J. Plant Physiol., 119:45-53.
• Dhawan A.K., Moudgil R., Dendsay J.P.S. and Mandhan R.P. (2004a). Low thidiazuron levels promote and sustain shootlet multiplication in sugarcane. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 9:354-359.
• Dhawan A.K., Mehra S.S., Jain A. and Chaturvedi P. (2004b). Effect of basal media, growth regulators and putrescine on callus induction and proliferation from seedling explants of Brassica junceaRH-781. Cruciferae Newslett,25:35-36.
• Dhawan A.K., Moudgil R., Dendsay J.P.S. and Mandhan R.P. (2006). Alterations in RAPD profiles of proliferating shootlets of sugarcane in response to thiadiazuron. Indian J. Biotechnol., 5:207-210.
• Durrant W.E. and Dong X. (2004). Systemic acquired resistance. Annu Rev. Phytopathol., 42:185–209.
• Escalona M., Cejas I., Gonzalez-Olmedo J., Capote I. and Roels S. (2003). The effect of meta-topolin on plantain propagation using a temporary immersion bioreactor. Info Musa., 12:28-30.
• Fàbregas N., Ibanes M. and Cano-Delgado A.I. (2010).A systems biology approach to dissect the contribution of brassinosteroid and auxin hormones to vascular patterning in the shoot of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signal Behav, 5:903–906.
• Farmer E.E., Moloshok T.D., Saxton M.J. and Ryan C.A. (1991). Oligosaccharide signaling in plants. Specificity of oligo-uronide-enhanced plasma membrane protein phos-phorylation. J. Biol. Chem., 266:3140-3145.
• Farrokhi N., Whitelegge J.P. and Brusslan J.A. (2008). Plant peptides and peptidomics. Plant Biotech. J.,6:105–134.
• Fernández-Marcos M., Sanz L., Lewis D.R., Muday G.K. and Lorenzo O. (2011). Nitric oxide causes ischolar_main apical meristem defects and growth inhibition while reducing PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1)-dependent acropetal auxin transport. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108:18505-18511.
• Ferrie A.M.R., Dirpaul J., Krishna P., Krochko J. and Keller W.A. (2005). Effects of brassinosteroids on microspore embryogenesis in Brassica species. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant, 41:742-745.
• Fiore S., Pasquale F.D., Carimi1 F. and Sajeva M. (2002). Effect of 2, 4-D and 4-CPPU on somatic embryogenesis from stigma and style transverse thin cell layers of Citrus. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 68:57–63.
• Fletcher R.A., Gilley A., Sankhala N. and Davis T.D. (2000). Triazoles as growth regulators and stress protectants. Hort. Rev., 24:55-138.
• Furmanowa M., Glowniak K., Syklowska-Baranek K., Zgorka G. and Jozefczyk A. (1997). Effect of picloram and methyl jasmonate on growth and taxane accumulation in callus culture of Taxus× media var. Hatfieldii. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 49:75-79.
• Gallo-Meagher M., English R.G. and Abouzid A. (2002). Thiadiazuron stimulates shoot regeneration of sugarcane embryonic callus. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol-Plant, 36:37-40.
• Gaspar T., Kevers C., Penel C., Greppin H., Reid D.M. and Thorpe T. (1996). Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol-Plant, 32:272-289.
• Goldman J.J., Hanna W.W., Fleming G. and Ozias-Akins P. (2003). Fertile transgenic pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] plants recovered through microprojectile bombardment and phosphinothricin selection of apical meristem, inflorescence, and immature embryo-derived embryogenic tissue. Plant Cell Rep., 21:999–1009.
• Gross D. and Parthier B. (1994). Novel natural substances acting in plant growth regulation. J. Plant Growth Regul., 13:93-114.
• Guo B., Abbasi B.H., Zeb A., Xu L.L. and Wei Y.H. (2011). Thidiazuron: A multi-dimensional plant growth Regulator. Afr. J. Biotech., 10:8984-9000.
• Halliday K.J. (2004). Plant hormones: the interplay of brassinosteroids and auxin. Curr. Biol., 14:R1008–R1010.
• Hao L., Zhou L., Xu X., Cao J. and Xi T. (2006). The role of salicylic acid and carrot embryogenic callus extracts in somatic embryogenesis of naked oat (Avena nuda). Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 85:109-113.
• Hartwig T., Chuck G.S., Fujioka S., Klempien A., Weizbauer R. (2011). Brassinosteroid control of sex determination in maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108:19814-19819.
• Hong P.I., Chen J.T. and, Chang W.C. (2008). Effects of salicylic and acetylsalicylic acid on direct somatic embryogenesis in Oncidium. J. Plant Biochem. Biotech., 17:149-153.
• Hong Z., Ueguchi-Tanaka M., Shimizu-Sato S., Inukai Y. and Fujioka S. (2002). Loss-of-function of a rice brassinosteroid biosynthetic enzyme, C-6 oxidase, prevents the organized arrangement and polar elongation of cells in the leaves and stem. Plant J., 32:495–508.
• Hu Y., Bao F. and Li J. (2000). Promotive effect of brassinosteroids on cell division involves a distinct CycD3-induction pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant J., 24:693-701.
• Huetteman A. and Preece E.J. (1993). Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 33:105-119.
• Humánez A., Blasco M., Brisa C., Segura J. and Arrillaga I. (2011). Thidiazuron enhances axillary and adventitious shoot proliferation in juvenileexplants of Mediterranean provenances of maritime pine Pinus pinaster. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol-Plant, 47:569–577.
• Hutchinson M.I. and Saxena P.K. (1996). Role of purine metabolism in TDZ induced somatic embryogenesis of geranium (Pelaronium horturum L. Bailey). J. Plant Physiol., 149:573-579.
• Iyer R.I., Jayaraman G. and Ramesh A. (2009). In vitro responses and production of phytochemicals of potential medicinal value in nutmeg, Myristica fragrans Houtt. Indian J. Sci. Tech., 2: 65-70.
• Kackar A. and Shekhawat N.S. (2007). Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis and polyamine levels in cultures of grasses of Thar Desert. J. Cell Mol. Biol., 6:121-127.
• Kakkar R.K., Nagar P.K., Ahuja P.S. and Rai V.K. (2000). Polyamines and plant morphogenesis. Biol. Plant.,1:1-11.
• Kákoniová D., Hlinkova E., Liskova D. and Kollarova K. (2010). Oligosaccharides induce changes in protein patterns of regenerating spruce protoplasts. Cent. Eur. J. Biol., 5:353–363.
• Katsir L., Davies K.A., Bergmann D.C. and Laux T. (2011). Peptide signaling in plant development. Curr. Biol., 21:R356–R364.
• Kaur-Sawhney R., Shih L.M., Flores H.E. and Galston A.W. (1982). Relation of polyamines synthesis and titer to aging and senescence in oat leaves. Plant Physiol., 69:405-410.
• Kumar A., Altabella T., Taylor M.R. and Tiburcio A.F. (1997). Recent advances in polyamine research. Trends Plant Sci., 2:124-130.
• Kumar S. and Bhat V. (2012). High frequency direct plant regeneration via multiple shoot induction in the apomictic forage grass Cenchrus ciliaris L. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol-Plant,48: 241–248.
• Kumar S. and Chandra A. (2009). Direct plant regeneration via multiple shoot induction in Stylosanthes seabrana. Cytologia, 74:391-399.
• Lišková D., Auxtova O., Kakoniova D., Kubackova M., Karacsonyi S. (1995). Biological activity of galactoglucomannan-derived oligosaccharides. Planta, 196: 425-429.
• Lišková D., Kakoniova D., Kubackova M., Kollarova S.K. and Capek P. (1999). Biologically active oligosaccharides, In: Advances in Regulation of Plant Growth and Development (Strnad M., Pec P. and, Beck E. eds), Peres Publishers, Olomouc.
• Lu Z., Huang M., Ge D.P., Yang Y.H., Cai X.N., Qin P. and She J.M. (2003). Effect of brassinolide on callus growth and regeneration in Spartina patens (Poaceae). Plant Cell Tiss Org. Cult., 73:87-89.
• Luna C., Sansberro P., Mroginski L. and Tarrago J. (2003). Micropropagation of Ilex dumosa (Aquifoliaceae) from nodal segments in a tissue culture system. Biocell, 27:205-212.
• Luo J.P., Jiang S.T. and Pan L.J. (2001). Enhanced somatic embryogenesis by salicylic acid of Astragalus adsurgens Pall: relationship with H O 2 2 production and H O -metabolizing enzyme activities. Plant Sci., 161:125-132.
• Malik S.K., Chaudhury R. and Kalia R.K. (2005). In vitro multiplication and conservation of Garcinia indica: A medicinal tropical tree. Sci. Hort., 106:539-553.
• Malik S.K., Kalia R.K. and Chaudhury R. (2010). In vitro regeneration of Garcinia indica using leaf explants. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 15:262-266.
• Malmberg R.L., Watson M.B., Galloway G. and Yu W. (1998) Molecular genetic analyses of plant polyamines. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 17:199–224.
• Matsubayashi Y. and Sakagami Y. (2006). Peptide hormones in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 57:649–74.
• Millan-Mendoza B. and Graham J(1999)Organogenesis and micropropagation in red raspberry using forchlorfenuron (CPPU). J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 74:219-223.
• Minocha R., Lee J.S., Long S., Bhatnagar P. and Minocha S.C. (2004). Physiological responses of wild type and putrescine-overproducing transgenic cells of poplar to variations in the form and concentration of nitrogen in the medium. Tree Physiol, 24:551–560.
• Miranda J.H., Williams R.W. and Kerven G. (2007). Galacturonic acid-induced changes in strawberry plant development in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol-Plant, 43:639-643.
• Monteiro M., Kevers C., Dommes J. and Gaspar T. (2002). A specific role for spermidine in the initiation phase of somatic embryogenesis in Panax ginsengCA Meyer. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 68:225-232.
• Montiel G., Zarei A., Körbes A.P. and Memelink J. (2011). The jasmonate-responsive element from the ORCA3 promoter from Catharanthus roseus is active in Arabidopsisand is controlled by the transcription factor AtMYC2. Plant Cell Physiol., 52: 578-587.
• Mussio I. and Rusig A.M. (2009). Morphogenetic responses from protoplasts and tissue culture of Laminaria digitata (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux (Laminariales, Phaeophyta): callus and thalloid-like structures regeneration. J. Appl. Phycol., 21:255-264.
• Nagata N., Asami T. and Yoshida S. (2001). Brassinazole, an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, inhibits development of secondary xylem in cress plants (Lepidium sativum). Plant Cell Physiol., 42:1006–1011.
• Nagata N., Min Y.K., Nakano T., Asami T. and Yoshida S. (2000). Treatment of dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana with a brassinosteroidbiosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole, induces some characteristics of light-grown plants. Planta, 211:781–790.
• Nakajima I., Kobayashi S. and Nakamura Y. (2000). Embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from unfertilized ovule of ‘Kyoho’ grape. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 69:186-188.
• Nakaya M., Tsukaya H., Murakami N. and Kato M. (2002). Brassinosteroids control the proliferation of leaf cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol., 43:239–244.
• Nemhauser J.L. and Chory J. (2004). BRing it on: new insights into the mechanism of brassinosteroid action. J. Exp. Bot., 55:265–270.
• Niemia K., Sarjalab T., Chenc X. and Haggmand H. (2007). Spermidine and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius synergistically induce maturation of Scots pine embryogenic cultures. J. Plant Physiol., 164:629-635.
• Nieves N., Rodriguez K., Cid M., Castillo R., Gonzalez J.L., et al. (2007). Effect of brassinosteroid analogs BB-6 an MH-5 on protein metabolism in sugarcane embryogenesis. Agronomia Costarricense, 31:71-77.
• Nomura T., Nakayama M., Reid J.B., Takeuchi Y. and Yokota T. (1997). Blockage of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and sensitivity causes dwarfism in garden pea. Plant Physiol., 113:31-37.
• Noreen S., Ashraf M. and Hussain M. (2009). Exogenous application of salicylic acid enhances antioxidative capacity in salt stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) plant. Pak. J. Bot., 4:473-479.
• Núñez M., Siqueira W.J., Hernández M., Zullo M.A.T., Robaina C., (2004). Effect of spirostane analogues of brassinosteroids on callus formation and plant regeneration in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 78:97-99.
• Palavan U.N., Cag S. and Cetin E. (2002). Growth responses of excised radish cotyledons to metatoplin. Can. J. Plant. Sci., 82:191-194.
• Parimalan R., Giridhar P. and Ravishankar G.A. (2010). Enhanced shoot organogenesis in Bixa orellana L. in the presence of putrescine and silver nitrate. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 105:285-290.
• Paul A., Mitter K. and Raychaudhuri S.S.(2009). Effect of polyamines on in vitro somatic embryogenesis in Momordica charantia L. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 97:303-11.
• Quiroz-Figueroa F. and Mendez-Zeel M. (2001). Picomolar concentrations of salicylates induce cellular growth and enhance somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica tissue culture. Plant Cell Rep., 20:679-689.
• Ravniker M. and Gogala N. (1990). Regulation of potato meristem development by jasmonic acid in vitro. Plant Growth Regul., 9:233-236.
• Ryan C.A., Pearce G., Scheer J. and Moura D.S. (2002). Polypeptide hormones. Plant Cell Suppl., 14:S251–S264.
• Sabapathy S. and Nair H. (1995). In vitro propagation of taro, with spermine, arginine and ornithine II. Plantlet regeneration via callus. Plant Cell Rep., 14:520-524.
• Sakhanokho H.F. and Kelley R.Y. (2009). Influence of salicylic acid on in vitro propagation and salt tolerance in Hibiscus acetosella and Hibiscus moscheutos (cv ‘Luna Red’). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8:1474-1481.
• Santner A., Calderon-Villalobos L.I.A. and Estelle M. (2009). Plant hormones are versatile chemical regulators of plant growth. Nature Chem. Biol., 5:301-307.
• Sasamoto H., Ogita S., Wakita Y. and Fukui M. (2002). Endogenous levels of abscisic acid and gibberellins in leaf protoplasts competent for plant regeneration in Betula platyphyllaand Populus alba. Plant Growth Regul., 38:195-201.
• Schroder R., Wegrzyn T.F., Bolitho K.M. and Redgwell R.J. (2004). Mannan transglycosylase: a novel enzyme activity in cell walls of higher plants. Planta, 219:590–600.
• Senaratna T., Bunn E. and Bishop A. (2002). Triazol treatment of explant source provides stress tolerance in progeny of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey) plants regenerated by somatic embryogenesis. Plant Growth Regul., 36:169-174.
• Sharry S., Ponce J.L.C., Estrella L.H., Cano R.M.R., Lede S., (2006). An alternative pathway for plant in vitro regeneration of chinaberry-tree Melia azedarach L. derived from the induction of somatic embryogenesis. J. Biotech., 9:187-194.
• Srivatanakul M., Park S.H., Sanders J.R., Salas M.G. and Smith R.H. (2000). Multiple shoot regeneration of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) from a shoot apex culture system. Plant Cell Rep., 19:1165-1170.
• Strnad M., Hanus J., Vanek T., Kaminek M., Ballantine J., (1997). Meta-topolin, a highly active aromatic cytokinin from Poplar leaves (Populus x CanadiensiMoench. cv. Robusta). Phytochem, 45:213-218.
• Subotic A., Jevremovic S., Cingel A. and Miloševic S. (2008). Effect of urea–type cytokinins on axillary shoots regeneration of Impatiens walleriana l. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Eq., 22:817-819.
• Suresh B., Thimmaraju R., Bhagyalakshmi N. and Ravishankar G.A. (2004). Polyamine and methyl jasmonate- influenced enhancement of betalaine production in hairy ischolar_main cultures of Beta vulgaris grown in a bubble column reactor and studies on efflux of pigments. Process Biochem., 39:2091–2096.
• Tang W. and Newton R. (2005). Polyamines promote ischolar_main elongation and growth by increasing ischolar_main cell division in regenerated Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). Plant Cell Rep., 24:581-589.
• Tanimoto S. and Matsubara Y. (1995). Stimulating effect of spermine on bulblet formation in bulb-scale segments of Lilium longiflorum. Plant Cell Rep., 15:297-300.
• Tefera Wannakrairoj (2006). Synergistic effects of some plant growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation of korarima (Aframomum corrorima (Braun) Jansen). Afr. J. Biotech., 5:1894-1901.
• Thummel C.S. and Chory J. (2002). Steroid signaling in plants and insects—common themes, different pathways. Genes Dev., 16:3113-3129.
• Toro F.J., Martín-Closas L. and Pelacho A.M. (2003). Jasmonates promote cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var Capitata L.) ischolar_main and shoot development. Plant Soil, 255:77-83.
• Toteva V.K., Van Telgen H.J. and Yakimova E. (2000). Role of phenylurea cytokinin CPPU in apical dominance release in in vitro cultured Rosa hybrida L. J. Plant Growth Regul., 19:232-237.
• Tran Thanh Van K., Toubart P., Cousson A., Darvill A.G., Gollin D.J., (1985). Manipulation of the morphogenetic pathways of tobacco explants by oligosaccharins. Nature, 314:615-617.
• Tsuro M., Koda M. and Inoue M. (2000). Efficient plant regeneration from multiple shoots formed in the leaf-derived callus of Lavandula vera, using the “open culture system”. Sci. Hort., 86:81-88.
• Tung P., Hooker S., Tampe P.A., Reid D.M. and Thorpe T.A. (1996). Jasmonic acid: effects on growth and development of isolated tomato ischolar_mains cultured in vitro. Int. J. Plant Sci., 157:713-721.
• Turbicio A.F., Campers J.L. and Figueras X. (1993). Polyamines and morphogenesis in monocots. In: Morphogenesis in plants: molecular approaches (Roubelakis-Angelakis K.A. and Tran Thanh Van K. ed.) New York: Plenum Press, pp 113-135.
• Uranantseva V.V., Karyagina T.B., Chertkova R.V., Miraveva T.I. and Bairamahvili D.I. (1999). Induction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase by methyl jasmonate in cultured cells of Arnebia euchroma. Russian J. Plant Physiol., 46:749-753.
• Vasudevan A., Selvaraj N., Ganapathi A., Kasthurirengan S., Ramesh A.V., (2008). Leucine and spermidine enhance shoot differentiation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol-Plant, 44:300-306.
• Vinayak V., Dhawan A.K. and Gupta V.K. (2009). Efficacy of non-purine and purine cytokinins on shoot regeneration in vitro in sugarcane. Indian J. Biotech., 8:227-231.
• Vlot A.C., Klessig D.F. and Park S.W. (2008). Systemic acquired resistance: the elusive signal(s). Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 11:436–442.
• Wakita Y., Yokota S., Yoshizawa N., Katsuki T., Nishiyama Y., (2005). Interfamilial cell fusion among leaf protoplasts of Populus alba, Betula platyphyllaand Alnus firma: assessment of electric treatment and in vitro culture conditions. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 83:319-326.
• Walden R., Cordiero A. and Tiburcio A.F. (1997). Polyamines: small molecules triggering pathways in plant growth and development. Plant Physiol., 113:1009-1013.
• Wasternack C. (2007). Jasmonates: an update on biosynthesis, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 100:681–697.
• Wei M., Wei S.H. and Yang C.Y. (2010). Effect of putrescine on the conversion of protocorm-like bodies of Dendrobium officinale to shoots. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 102:145-151.
• Werbrouck S.P.O. and Debergh P.C. (1995). Imazalil enhances the shoot inducing effect of benzyladenine in Spathiphyllum floribundum Schott. J. Plant Growth Regul., 14:105-107.
• Werbrouck S.P.O. and Debergh P.C. (1996). Imadizole fungicides and paclobutrazol enhance cytokinin-induced adventitious shoot proliferation in Araceae. J. Plant Growth Regul., 15:81-85.
• Werbrouck S.P.O. and Debergh P.C. (1997). Possible role of gibberellins in the interaction between cytokinins and pesticides. Acta Hort., 447:59-62.
• Werbrouck S.P.O., Stranad M., Van Onckelew H.A. and Deberg P.C. (1996). Metatoplin, an alternative to benzyladenine in tissue culture. Physiol Plant, 98:291-297.
• Xu Y.F., Jin J.W., Liu T.Y., Zhou H., Hu T.M., (2011). Regulation function of nitric oxide (NO) in leaves of plant under environmental stress. Afr. J. Biotech., 10:15673-15677.
• Yang G. and Komatsu S. (2004). Microarray and proteomic analysis of brassinosteroid- and gibberellins-regulated gene and protein expression in rice. Genom Proteom Bioinfor., 2:77–83.
• Yang H., Matsubayashi Y., Hanai H. and Sakagami Y. (2000). Phytosulfokine-á, a peptide growth factor found in higher plants: its structure, functions, precursor and receptors. Plant Cell Physiol., 41:825–830.
• Yang Y.K., Lee S.Y., Park W.T., Park N.I. and Park S.U. (2010). Exogenous auxins and polyamines enhance growth and rosmarinic acid production in hairy ischolar_main cultures of Nepeta cataria L. Plant Omics J., 3:190-193.
• Yokota T. (1997). The structure, biosynthesis, and function of brassinosteroids. Trends Plant Sci., 2:137-143.
• Yong-xin L.I., Xiao-ming W., Ming-gao C., Hui-jie Z. and Jun-bin L.I. (2010). Effects of phytohormone on tissue culture of Illex verticillata. J. CentralSouth Univ. Forest Technol., DOI: CNKI:SUN:ZNLB.0.2010-01-015.
• Zhang Q., Chen J.J. and Henny R.J. (2006). Regeneration of Syngonium podophyllum “Variegatum” through direct somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 84:161-168.
• Zhou L., Yang C., Li J., Wang S. and Wu J. (2003). Heptasaccharide and octasaccharide isolated from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and their plant growth-regulatory activity. Plant Sci., 165:571-575.